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Consumption, Signs, and the Displacement of Politics in Contemporary Society

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Introduction: Why Does the Worker Vote Like the Employer? In a recent political debate in the United States, a question emerged that was as simple as it was unsettling: how is it possible that a Starbucks employee votes the same way as the CEO of Starbucks? Formulated with visible bewilderment, the question points to a paradox that seems to challenge the traditional categories of social analysis. If the interests of workers and employers are structurally opposed, why do they not translate into divergent political choices? Why, instead of conflict, do we find convergence? Perhaps the difficulty lies not in the answer, but in the way the question itself is framed. The Classical Framework: Class, Interest, and Consciousness From the perspective of Karl Marx, society is organized around its mode of production. Economic relations—the so-called “base”—condition political, legal, and ideological forms. Within this framework, social classes are defined by their position in the produc...
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Death and Fatal Theory in Baudrillard

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Death and Fatality, Piranesi Style. AI image Introduction: Crossing Death and Fatality Twentieth-century critical thought often sought to reveal what lies beneath appearances. From Marx’s critique of political economy to Freud’s psychoanalysis and Lévi-Strauss’s structural anthropology, theory promised to expose hidden mechanisms—exploitation, repression, or structural regularities. Yet advanced capitalism demonstrates an unsettling resilience: critique itself may have lost its subversive efficacy, becoming instead internal to the very processes it intends to challenge. It is at this juncture that Jean Baudrillard introduces the notion of fatal theory . Unlike inherited modes of analysis, this approach does not aim to uncover hidden truths. Rather, it confronts systems that absorb, circulate, and neutralize critique. Crucially, fatal theory is tied to what Baudrillard calls death —not as a biological phenomenon, but as a structural limit that systems attempt to exclude yet cannot ...
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From Base to Code: Rethinking Marx’s Base/Superstructure through Baudrillard in the Digital Age

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 To Mateo Introduction Karl Marx’s distinction between base and superstructure remains central to social theory. By grounding culture, politics, and ideology in the organization of production, he offered a powerful framework for explaining how societies reproduce themselves. Yet the transformations of late capitalism—marked by mass consumption, media saturation, and digital technologies—raise questions about whether this hierarchy still holds. Jean Baudrillard provides one of the most radical challenges to this model. Rather than simply reversing the relation, he calls into question the very categories through which this distinction is made. This essay argues that Baudrillard destabilizes the base/superstructure distinction by showing that production, value, and reality are themselves structured by systems of signification. In the digital age, this process intensifies: code emerges as an operational logic that reorganizes both economic and cultural life, rendering the distincti...
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Fatal Theory and the Limits of Critique in Baudrillard

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Introduction: When Critique Stops Working Twentieth-century critical thought was animated by a common ambition: to reveal what lies beneath appearances. Whether in political economy, psychoanalysis, or structuralism, theory sought to expose hidden mechanisms—exploitation, repression, underlying structures. Yet the persistence and adaptability of advanced capitalism raise a more troubling possibility: what if critique has lost its efficacy? More sharply, what if it now functions within the very processes it seeks to oppose? It is at this juncture that Jean Baudrillard proposes what he will later call fatal theory . Rather than refining inherited frameworks, he breaks with their underlying assumptions. The task is no longer to unmask a concealed reality, but to confront systems that absorb, circulate, and neutralize their own critique. The Limits of Classical Critique Baudrillard’s intervention targets a set of otherwise distinct traditions. In Karl Marx, critique proceeds by unc...
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