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Politics as a Drug: When the Dose Matters More Than the Cure

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AI generated image A contemporary paradox In international politics, as in medicine, the strongest intervention is not always the most effective one. Sometimes the most effective treatment isn’t the one that promises an instant cure—it’s the one that delivers a poison with precision, capable of healing when the dose and timing are just right. The recent U.S. approach to Venezuela, defined by selective involvement and the decision not to enforce a full regime change, has puzzled many observers. How can a country take action decisively and yet leave much of the existing power structure in place? Several commentators have described the situation as an “intervention without rupture,” highlighting the surprise generated by the absence of a clean handover of power to the opposition. The intuitive reaction is straightforward: if you effect change, you replace; if you challenge a government’s legitimacy, you install an alternative. But political practice rarely follows moral expectations...

What Counts as “Deeper Reality” in Baudrillard’s First-Order Simulacra?

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“What is truth?” Pilate asked. AI image Introduction The phrase “the first order of simulacra reflects a deeper reality” is frequently repeated in commentaries on Jean Baudrillard, often as if its meaning were self-evident. Yet Baudrillard himself never treats “reality” as a neutral, timeless, or ontological category. This article argues that, in the context of first-order simulacra, “deeper reality” does not refer to an essence hidden behind appearances, but to a historically specific belief in the world as ordered, meaningful, and guaranteed by transcendent structures such as nature, God, and social hierarchy. Clarifying this point helps prevent the projection of both longstanding and subsequent philosophical concerns onto Baudrillard’s early analysis of representation. From Symbolic Exchange to Representation Before the emergence of simulacra, Baudrillard locates pre-modern societies within what he calls symbolic exchange. In such formations, objects and images do not primari...

Transaesthetics and the Uncertainty of Images

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Mise en Abyme of the Image. AI Generated Introduction Contemporary visual culture is increasingly marked by unease rather than clarity. Certain images provoke discomfort not because of what they show, but because they resist being classified. They appear to hover between art and commerce, documentation and fabrication, aesthetic contemplation and visual consumption. The difficulty lies less in interpretation than in classification. When an image no longer signals how it should be read, uncertainty emerges. Jean Baudrillard’s concept of transaesthetics   ( transesthétique )   offers a powerful framework for understanding this condition, one in which the traditional boundaries of art dissolve into a generalized field of images without stable criteria. Transaesthetics: When Aesthetics Loses Its Place Baudrillard defines transaesthetics as “the moment when modernity exploded on us” (1993b, p. 3). This explosion does not merely introduce new artistic forms; it dismantles the ...