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Reading Theory Through Collocations: How Words Acquire Conceptual Force

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Introduction — When a Familiar Word Becomes a Theoretical Term A reader encountering a theoretical text may know the words on the page without yet understanding what they are doing there. This is especially common when a familiar word acquires a more specific function within an author's vocabulary. Grid , trace , order , presence , subject , and language are ordinary enough words. Yet in a theoretical work, their ordinary meanings may no longer be sufficient to explain their use. An author does not necessarily invent a new word when introducing a concept. More often, an existing word is redeployed. It retains something of its familiar sense while acquiring a particular role within a network of terms, distinctions, and arguments. The difficulty for the reader is therefore not always to discover a new definition. It may be to discover what the familiar word is doing in this particular text. How, then, can we begin to determine what a word is doing when its theoretical function...

In the Final Analysis: Saussure and Foucault on Meaning and Order

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Introduction What happens when something that appears to belong to an object turns out to depend upon relations beyond it? The question takes different forms in Ferdinand de Saussure and Michel Foucault. Saussure writes that the value of a word is determined, “in the final analysis,” not by what it contains but by what exists outside it. Foucault, in The Order of Things , makes a seemingly different claim about order : it is “at one and the same time” given in things as their inner law and dependent upon the grid through which they are examined. The two passages do not address the same objects. Yet they confront a structurally similar difficulty. Something appears to possess a property in itself, but closer analysis reveals that the property cannot be separated from the system of relations in which it acquires its value or intelligibility. The aim here is to examine this narrower problem: what happens to an apparently self-contained object when, in the final analysis, what app...