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Introduction Why do some English numerals, such as sixteen , seventeen , eighteen and nineteen , clearly display their internal composition ( six + teen ), while others — eleven and twelve — do not reveal such structure? At first glance, this may appear to be a trivial irregularity. Yet the contrast conceals a profound theoretical question: how can a single linguistic system contain signs that expose their internal logic while others conceal it? The answer depends on the perspective from which we observe language. From a historical or diachronic point of view, the focus falls on the origin and evolution of forms. From a synchronic perspective, by contrast, the interest lies in their present functioning, regardless of their past. In the first case, the linguist reconstructs genealogies; in the second, the speaker simply uses the signs as they exist in the current system. This distinction between studying the history of language and studying its present structure lies at th...

Introduction This article delves into Ferdinand de Saussure's critical distinctions between linguistics and the natural sciences, expanding upon insights from his seminal work, Course in General Linguistics . These contrasts remain relevant today, particularly because Saussure’s ideas have often been misinterpreted and misapplied in broader discussions about the nature of knowledge. While he emphasized the context-dependent and socially constructed character of linguistic laws, some 20th-century thinkers have misused his concepts to challenge the universality and stability of scientific laws. This article argues that such misinterpretations misrepresent his original intent and result in destabilizing claims about empirical inquiry, undermining the foundational principles of the natural sciences. Clarifying Saussure’s differentiations allows for a deeper appreciation of the unique quality of linguistic study and the integrity of systematic methodologies. Saussure’s Distincti...

Introduction Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics is a cornerstone of modern linguistics, particularly for its distinction between synchronic and diachronic approaches. Synchronic linguistics examines the structure of a language at a specific point in time, while diachronic linguistics studies how it evolves over time. Saussure’s analysis includes a nuanced discussion of "laws" in language, contrasting these with principles in the legal and natural sciences—a topic we first introduced in the previous piece titled “Beyond the Law: Saussure’s Temporal Perspective on Language and Meaning.” This article delves deeper into this issue, arguing that linguistic laws resist straightforward categorization in the traditional legal or scientific sense. Linguistic Laws and Their Nature Synchronic laws describe how elements within a language interact at a specific moment in time, highlighting consistent patterns without imposing rigid rules. They are general ...