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From Labour to Code: Alienation in the Digital Age

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L’Absinthe, Edgar Degas. Source: Wikipedia Introduction There is a peculiar sensation attached to contemporary life: the feeling that reality arrives already organized in advance. Music appears before we search for it. Information is filtered through invisible ranking systems. Social platforms determine what becomes visible, urgent, or forgettable. Increasingly, experience itself is mediated before conscious reflection occurs. What makes this condition unsettling is not technological dependence alone. Human beings have always relied on tools. The deeper issue is existential: we inhabit systems we collectively created, yet those same systems increasingly confront us as opaque structures shaping perception, attention, and behavior from the outside. This problem has a long intellectual history. From Karl Marx to Henri Lefebvre to Jean Baudrillard, critical theory repeatedly returned to the same question: what does it mean to be human in a world organized by impersonal systems? Yet t...
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From Political Economy to Code: Baudrillard’s Semiotic Turn in The Mirror of Production

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Spiegel der Produktion. AI image Introduction Jean Baudrillard’s The Mirror of Production is often read as a critique of Marxism’s attachment to labour and production. Yet the text also points toward a deeper theoretical transformation. Beneath Baudrillard’s critique of political economy lies an emerging concern with signification, coding, and the systems through which the real becomes intelligible. Marxism, in this reading, fails not simply because it universalizes labour, but because it remains confined within the conceptual grammar of political economy itself. This shift becomes explicit near the end of the first chapter, where Baudrillard calls for “the critique of the political economy of the sign” (1975, p. 19). The phrase signals an important transition in his thought: from the critique of production toward an analysis of the signifying systems that organize modern experience. The Mirror of Production therefore occupies a pivotal place in Baudrillard’s intellectual trajecto...
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The Illusion of Originary Categories: Baudrillard’s Critique of Marxist Universals

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The Fork. AI image Thesis Jean Baudrillard argues that Marxism mistakenly treats concepts such as labour, production, and use-value as universal realities when they are, in fact, effects of a structural system of oppositions that produces the very reality it claims merely to describe. The distinction between concrete and abstract labour does not reveal an original essence subsequently distorted by capitalism; rather, the opposition itself generates the illusion of such an origin retrospectively. Introduction In The Mirror of Production , Jean Baudrillard returns to some of the foundational categories of Karl Marx’s critique of political economy in order to question their apparent universality. Rather than rejecting Marxism externally, Baudrillard interrogates the internal logic of its conceptual structure, focusing especially on the distinction between concrete and abstract labour. From this analysis emerges a radical claim: Marxism does not simply describe labour, production, an...
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Production as Blind Spot: Baudrillard’s Deconstruction of Marxist Categories

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The Fork of Production. AI image To Carlos, Mateo, Rey  Introduction In his work after 1972—most explicitly in The Mirror of Production —Jean Baudrillard undertakes a radical re-reading of Karl Marx that does not simply reject Marxism, but interrogates its conceptual foundations. Rather than positioning himself outside the tradition, he works from within it, exposing tensions embedded in its core categories. Central to this project is the claim that Marxist theory is structured by a series of binary oppositions—quality and quantity, use-value and exchange-value, concrete and abstract labor—that appear stable but are internally dependent. What emerges from this analysis is not a refutation in the traditional sense, but a deconstructive logic that reveals how these distinctions both sustain Marxism and delimit its horizon. Production itself, far from being a neutral analytical category, functions as a conceptual blind spot. Production as a Conceptual Limit At the center of ...
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